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fungsionalism flow in psychology

Posted by Unknown Kamis, 19 Desember 2013 1 komentar

Functionalism is an orientation in psychology that emphasizes the mental processes and appreciate the benefits of psychology and study the functions of consciousness in bridging between human needs and the environment . That is , functionalism view that society is a system of several parts that relate to each other and can not be understood in isolation .Functionalism is a study of the mental surgery , learn the functions of consciousness in bridging between human needs and the environment . Functionalism emphasizes the totality of the relationship of mind and behavior . Thus , the relationship between man and his environment is a manifestation of the mind and behavior .Functionalist view that the mind , mental processes , sensory perception , and emotion is the adaptation of a biological organism . Functionalism more emphasis on the functions and not just the facts of mental phenomena , or trying to interpret the mental phenomena in terms of the role it plays in life.Functionalism also considers that psychology is not enough just to question what and why something happens ( structuralism ) but also why and for what ( function ) a behavior occurs . Functionalism more emphasis on the action of psychic phenomena and spirit needed someone to carry out the work and functioning of the psychic and social adjustment .

Flow functionalism has some distinctive characteristics , namely :Stressing on mental function compared with elements metal.Fungsi - psychological function is adaptation to the environment as a biological adaptation Darwin . The ability of individuals to change according to the demands in relation to the environment is something that is important . Perceive important aspect or function of applied psychology itself to a variety of fields and groups of people .Mental activity can not be separated from physical activity , the stimulus danbrespons is a unity . Psychology is closely related to biology and is a growing branch of biology . So an understanding of the anatomy and physiological function will greatly assist the understanding of mental function . Receive a variety of methods in the study of human mental activity , although most of the research conducted at the Univ . Chicago ( center perkembangn functionalism ) to use your experimental method , basically functionalism flow tidk hold on to the core methods . Digunnakan method depends on the problems faced .

Psychology structuralism

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Structural or structuralism psychology is the study of the analytical generalization adult human mind through introspection methods . In psychology it is intended to study the contents ( content ) mind , so the system is sometimes also referred to as psychological content.
In the book History and Systems of Psychology by James F. Brennan in 2006 , the psychological approach comes from Wilhelm Wundt stukturalisme pioneered in the U.S. by Edward Bradford Titchener his . It should be emphasized that psychology structuralism found by Wundt while Titchener is just one of the many students who are owned by Wundt , Titchener but the one who seeks to bring to American psychology Wundt to maintain the original concept .
In concept and the system . Psychology structuralism of Wundt and Titchener has 3 objectives :
1 . Describe the components of consciousness as the basic elements ,2 . Describe the combination of consciousness as the basic elements , and3 . Explain the relationship of consciousness to the elements of the nervous system
Awareness of the above is defined as direct experience . Direct experience is the experience as it is experienced . This is in contrast with the experience . Among which is colored by the experience of existing content in mind , such as the association previously motivational and emotional states as well as a person .
Thus , direct experience is assumed not to be affected by the experience . Structuralism psychology seeks to maintain the integrity of psychology differentiate it from physics .
Physics studied the physical or material world , without reference to the human form and through observational methods of inspection are controlled carefully . Psychology studies the world , with reference to the human experience something , through a method of controlled observational form of introspection for the content of consciousness .
Proper subject for discussion is the process of structural psychology of consciousness and freedom from association . Wundt and Titchener argued thus , psychology should be freed from the power of metaphysics , the common understanding and interest will be applied usability or damage intergritasnya .
While experimental methods are used to ensure the accuracy of the analysis of mental content is introspection . This self- reporting technique is the classical approach to describe a personal experience . So that introspection will only be considered valid if performed by a highly trained scientists , not by the lay observer .
Besides structural weaknesses in view of functionalism psychology is just studying the contents and structures involved in mental processes , structural psychology has a positive contribution in the field of psychology . This system encourages psychology into a science . Wundt declared a formal discipline of psychology that is based on scientific formulations that psychology is recognized as a science .

flow of gestalt psychology

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Gestalt psychology is derived from the German word which means describe the configuration or shape of the piece. A gestalt may be a different object from the sum of its parts . All explanations of object parts will result in the loss of gestalt itself. For example , when looking at a rectangle then it can be understood and described as rectangular or wholly based on wholeness and identity can not be described as four mutually perpendicular lines and touch .Correspondingly, gestalt psychology shows that the basic premise systems conceptualize psychological events as an organized phenomenon , complete and logical . This view explains the psychological integrity of human activity is obvious . According to gestaltis , at that time psychology be a loss of identity when analyzed into components or parts that have been there before .Gestalt psychology is a German movement that directly challenged structuralism psychology Wundt . The psychology of action gestaltis inherited the tradition of Brentano , Stumpf and academy Wurzburg in Germany , which seeks to develop an alternative model proposed by the model of psychological science and analytical than reductionistic Wundt .Gestalt movement is more consistent with the main theme in the German philosophy of mental activity on the system Wundt . Gestalt psychology is based on the ideas of Kant nativistic theory which says that the organization of mental activity makes people interact with their environment in ways typical . So the goal is to investigate the organization Gestalt psychology mental activity and to pinpoint the characteristics of human - environment interactions .Until the 1930s , the movement has managed to replace the model of gestalt psychology wunditian Germany . However , the success of the movement did not last long because they advent of Hitlerism . So the leaders of the movement to move to America .Gestalt psychology begins and is developed through the writings of three key figures , namely Max Wertheimer , Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka . All three were educated in an exciting intellectual atmosphere in the early 20th century in Germany , and the three escape the Nazis and immigrated to America .But in America do not get dominance of gestalt psychology as in Germany . This is because American psychology has evolved over a period of functionalism and in the 1930s was dominated by behaviorism . Therefore , gestalt psychology framework is not in line with developments in Amerik

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stage of psychosexual development according to Sigmund Freud

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Sigmund Freud Psychosexual stages of development
1 . Oral phase
In the oral phase , the main source of interaction occurs through the baby's mouth , so the rooting and sucking reflex is very important . The mouth is very important to eat , and the baby comes pleasure from oral stimulation through activities such as tasting and sucking satisfactory . Because the baby is completely dependent on caregivers ( who are responsible for feeding the child ) , infants also develop a sense of trust and comfort through oral stimulation .
The main conflict in this stage is the process of weaning , the child must become less dependent on caregivers . If fixation occurs at this stage , Freud believed the individual would have a problem with dependency or aggression . Oral fixation can lead to problems with drinking , smoking, eating , or biting nails .
2 . phase Anal
In the anal stage , Freud believed that the main focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements . The main conflict in this stage is toilet training - the child must learn to control his body needs . Developing this control leads to a sense of achievement and independence .
According to Sigmund Freud , success at this stage depends on the way in which parents approach toilet training . Parents who utilize praise and rewards for using the toilet at the appropriate time encourage positive outcomes and help children feel capable and productive . Freud believed that positive experiences during this stage served as the basis to become competent adults , productive and creative .
However , not all parents provide support and encouragement that children need during this stage . Some parents ' instead punish , ridicule or shame a child for accidents . According to Freud , the response does not match the parent can lead to negative results . If parents take an approach that is too loose , Freud suggested that the anal - expulsive personality could develop in which the individual has , wasteful or destructive personality of a mess . If parents are too strict or begin toilet training too early , Freud believed that a strong personality - analberkembang where the individual is tight , orderly , rigid and obsessive .
3 . phase Phalic
In the phallic stage , the main focus of the libido is on the genitals . The children also found differences between men and women . Freud also believed that boys begin to see their father as a rival for the mother 's affection . Complex Oedipusmenggambarkan want to have a mother 's feelings and the desire to replace ayah.Namun , children are also fears that he will be punished by the father for these feelings , fear Freud called castration anxiety .
The term Electra complex has been used to describe a similar set of feelings experienced by young girls . Freud , however , believed that girls instead experience penis envy .
Finally , the child realizes began to identify with the same - sex parent as a means of vicariously have the other parent . For girls , however , Freud believed that penis envy was never fully resolved and that all women remain somewhat fixated on this stage . Psychologists such as Karen Horney disputed this theory , calling it both inaccurate and demeaning to women . Instead , Horney proposed that men experience feelings of low self-esteem because they can not bear children .
4 . Latent phase
Latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy remains, but directed to other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions . This stage is very important in the development of social and communication skills and confidence .
Freud depicts latens phase as a relatively stable one . No new organizations developing sexuality , and she does not pay much attention to it . For this reason , this phase is not always mentioned in the description of the theory as one stage , but as a separate period .
5 . Genital phase
At the final stage of psychosexual development , the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex . Where in the early stages of focusing only on individual needs , the interests of the welfare of others grows during this stage . If the other stages have been completed successfully , the individual should now be well-balanced , warm and caring . The purpose of this phase is to establish a balance between the various spheres of life .

understanding of learning according to humanistic theory

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According Humanistic Understanding Learning Theory . In addition to learning theory and theories have behavioristik cognitive , humanistic learning theory is also important to understand . According to humanistic theory , the learning process should be initiated and directed for the benefit of humanizing the man himself . Therefore , humanistic learning theory is more abstract and closer to the field of the study of philosophy , personality theory , and psychotherapy , from the field of study to learn psychology studies . Very concerned with the humanistic theory learned from the process of learning itself . Learning theory is much more to talk about educational concepts to form the idealized human , as well as about the process of learning in its most ideal . In other words , this theory is more interested in learning penertian the most ideal form of the understanding of the learning process as it is, as has been studied by other learning theories .
In practice, this humanistic theory , among others, appear also in the learning approach proposed by Ausubel . Views on learning meaningful or " Meaningful learning " are also classified in the cognitive stream , said that merupakanasmilasi meaningful learning . The material studied and assimilated knowledge associated with previously owned . Motivational factors and emotional experiences are very important in the learning event , because without motivation and desire on the part of the learner , then there will be no assimilation of new knowledge into strujtur konitif he had. Humanstik theory argues that learning apapu can be used , as long as the goal is to humanize humans achieve self-actualization , self-understanding , and self-realization of people who learn optimally.
Pemahamanan to make learning idealized humanistic theories can take advantage of any learning theory aim to humanize human origin . This makes the humanistic theory is eclectic . There is no doubt that any establishment or a particular learning approach , there will be good and there are also disadvantages . In this sense elektisisme not a system to allow such elements to their original state as is or . Humanistic theories will utilize any theories , the origin of the goal is reached , yatu humanize humans .
Humans are complex beings . Many experts in developing his theory just focus on a particular aspect that has become the center of attention . In consideration - pertimbangantertentu each expert do his research from the point of view of each and assume that the statement about how humans learn is the most adequate information . Then there will be a variety of theories about learning in accordance with their views masong .
From the above reasoning it turns out that the difference between a view to another view often only arise because of differences in point of view alone , or sometimes just the difference accentuation . So the information or views that differ only description of one and the same thing seen from different angles . Thus the humanistic theory with pandangannyadengan eclectic vision that is by utilizing or summarize the various theories of learning with the aim to humanize humans not only possible to be done , but it must be done .

In Learning Theory Behaviorism

Posted by Unknown Minggu, 20 Oktober 2013 0 komentar

Is a learning theory that emphasizes more on human behavior . Regard the individual as being a member of a reactive response to the environment . And maintenance experience will shape their behavior .Characteristic of this theory is prioritizing the elements and a small part , is mechanistic , emphasizing the role of the environment , concerned with the formation of a reaction or response , emphasizing the importance of exercise , concerned with the mechanism of learning outcomes , concerned with the role of ability and learning results obtained is the emergence of the desired behavior . On learning theory is often called psychological SR means that human behavior is controlled by rewards or reward and reinforcement or reinforcement from the environment . Thus the learning behavior are closely interwoven between behavioral reactions to stimulus . Teachers who hold this view berpandapat that student behavior is a reaction to the environment and the behavior is the result of learning .Behavoris the theory is better known as the theory of learning , because all human behavior is the result of learning . Learning means to change the behavior of organisms as environmental influences . Behaviorism do not want people to question whether good or bad , rational or emotional ; behaviorism just wanted to know how his behavior dikendalian by environmental factors . Learning theory in the sense that a greater emphasis on human behavior . Regard the individual as being a member of a reactive response to the environment . And maintenance experience will shape their behavior .The principles of behaviorism theory is :1 . Object of psychology is behavior2 . All forms are returned on reflex behavior3 . Importance of habit formationAristotle argued that at birth the human soul does not have anything , like a candle table ready painted by experience . According to John Locke (1632-1704) , one of the empirical character , at birth humans do not have the " mental colors " . This color is derived from experience . Experience is the only way to ownership of knowledge . Idea and knowledge is the product of experience . Psychologically , all human behavior , personality , and temperament is determined by sensory experience ( sensory experience ) . Thoughts and feelings caused by past behavior .Empiricism difficulty in explaining the psychological symptoms arise when people talk about what drives humans behave in certain ways . Hedonism , saw man as a creature who moves to fulfill her interests , seek pleasure and avoid pain . In utilitarianism, human behavior is subject to the principle of reward and punishment . When combined with the hedonism and empiricism utilitariansisme , then it is called with behaviorism .Assumption that experience is the most influential dala formation behavior , implying how plastisnya human . He is easily formed into any environment with relevant creating .Thorndike and Watson , the behaviorist stance : organisms are born without social traits or psychological ; behavior is the result of experience and behavior driven or motivated by the need to increase pleasure and reduce pain. The flow of a more behavioristik elementaristik saw man as passive organisms , which is controlled by stimuli in their environment . Basically , humans can be manipulated , their behavior can be controlled by controlling the stimuli present in its environment ( Mukminan , 1997: 7 ) . Learning problems in view of behaviorism , in general , has some theories , among others : connectionism theory , Classical Conditioning , Contiguous Conditioning , and Descriptive behaviorism or better known as operant conditioning .

What Is Processing Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing?

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How we can menyenali a pattern that we do not know fully ? ? whether we can identify the father or mother we just caught a glimpse of the distance used clothes ? or we just caught a glimpse of them from behind ? ? or just look at the hands and feet? ? or we recognize these parts because we have become familiar with our parents ? ?There are two kinds of theories that could explain this , the first is the theory of bottom- up processing , and the second is the theory of top-down processing .1 . Processing Bottom - Up : Is a theory that proposes that an object recognition process begins with our identification of the specific parts of any part of an object which can be observed , which became the foundation for the introduction of the object as a whole . Examples like the above , we can know our father only with a glimpse of his body without seeing the whole , well , why we can recognize our fathers directly only with a glimpse of his limbs ? ? because we make the process of identifying the specific parts of the object that we observe ( our father ) . Such processes included in the bottom- up theory .2.PemprosesanTop - Down : It is a theory which states that an object recognition process that we have observed is by starting with a hypothesis about the identity of a pattern ( the observed object ) , which was followed by the introduction of parts of the pattern based on the assumptions that have been made previously .Palmer ( 1975b ) states that in most situations , the interpretation of the parts and the whole pattern occurs simultaneously between bottom- up and top-down . Palmer pointed out in the introduction to the parts of a face with context and without context , parts of the face can be recognized easily when placed in the proper context , and parts of the face into a form that is ambiguous when placed on their own , although it can be recognized as part the face - equipped with more detailed information ." How can one recognize a face before he first recognized the eyes , nose , mouth , and ears ? ? But how well one can recognize the eyes , nose , mouth , and ears before he knew that these parts are the parts of a face ? ? It is often referred to as parsing paradox , which includes the difficulties we encounter when we use the strategy of " bottom up " (part - whole ) or the strategy of " top-down " ( the whole to the parts) in a purely interpretative processing . ( 1975b , p . 295-296 ) "Top-down processing requires a certain amount of time in practice , the researchers examined the facial recognition has been found that the face can be interpreted according to its parts and based on the overall configuration of the part -ships , which is more superior than just the identification of the parts in recognizing faces . And his partner Susan R. Diamond ( 1977 ) from Harvard University found that children often experience kesulian use konfigurasional information and often make mistakes when a new face that they had never known previously shown wearing a cap and a scarf which was previously worn by someone they know , hats and scarves used people they know are looked familiar so when used by someone they do not know , people they do not know it looked familiar to them because people are wearing hats and scarves which they are known .Such glimpses into processing Bottom - up and top-down processing , may be useful for all readers . amen

Fikri By_Muhammad At- Tamimy

Referensi : Solso, Otto Maclin, Kimberly Maclin. Psikologi Kognitif Edisi Kedelapan. Jakarta. Penerbit Erlangga.

Personality Theory of Psychoanalysis

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 11 Oktober 2013 0 komentar

Theory of Psychoanalysis

In the midst of psychology that prioritizes research on consciousness and regard consciousness as the main aspect of mental life that comes the young doctor from Vienna with a radical idea . Young doctor in question is Sigmund Freud , who suggested the idea that consciousness is just a small part of the mental life , while the biggest part is just unconscious or unconscious . Freud likens the conscious and the unconscious with a floating iceberg in which part of the surface water (consciousness ) is much smaller than the submerged part ( unconscious ) ..In addition to the ideas mentioned above , there are many great and important idea which makes his other Freud viewed as a revolutionary and highly influential not only to the field of psychology or psychiatry , but also for other fields including sociology , anthropology , science polilik , philosophy , and literature or art . To the field of psychology , especially the psychology of personality and personality theory more specifically , the influence of Freud developed psychoanalysis can be seen from the fact , that most of the modern theory of the personality theories of behavior ( personality ) taking part , or at least to question Freud's ideas . And psychoanalysis itself, as the main stream in personality psychology has a trivial theory we call the psychoanalytic theory of personality ( psychoanalitic theory of personality)
Personality structure

Psychoanalytic theory of the structure of human personality consists of the id , ego and superego . Id is the most basic structure of personality , entirely unconscious and work according to the pleasure principle , the goal is immediate gratification . The ego develops from the id , which controls the personality structure and take decisions on human behavior . Superego , the ego develops when humans understand the value of good and bad morals . Superego reflect social values and sensitize individuals to moral demands . In case of violation of value , punishing superego ego by inflicting guilt .Gerald Corey stated in orthodox Freudian flow perspective , man is seen as the energy system , in which the dynamics of personality that consists of ways to distribute the psychic energy to the id , ego and super ego , but the energy is limited . So , one of the three systems was in control of the energy at the expense of the other two systems . Thus , the human personality is determined by psychic energy that moves .According to Calvin S. Hall and Lindzey , the psychodynamics of each part of the total personality has the function , nature , components , working principle and mechanism of its own dynamics . But all of them interact so closely with each other , so it may not be separated . Id oldest part of the mental apparatus and an important component of all life . Id and other instincts reflect the true purpose of life of individual organisms . So , id is the dominant party in the partnership structure of human personality .

By_Muhammad Fikri At-Tamimy (12410211)

Psychology and Cognition

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As we have seen in general , that the understanding of psychology is the study of behavioral and psychiatric conditions and also the mental processes of human beings , the general understanding of psychology is like that , but in its development , psychology has become part of the science - science is so vast, so finally to the branches of the science of psychology , there are developmental psychology , industrial and organizational psychology , cognitive psychology , psychology of learning , even the psychology of religion and psychology of prayer , and the other , which is all it is no longer in general learn about the condition of the human psyche , but more particularly to discuss more about the theme is concerned with the psychology .
Since the task assigned by my lecturer is related to cognitive psychology , then I will try sedikti elaborated on what I learned about cognitive psychology . Prior to entry in terms of cognitive psychology , I lay out in advance the understanding of cognitive .
Is a cognitive process includes how the human brain activity , all matters relating to the development and activity in the human brain in the scope of cognitive , be it in the process of thinking , the ability to remember , and how much an individual's ability to take action in solving his problems . A simple example to understand the sense of cognitive such as the people who work in air traffic control , when every minute there are some adabeberapa planes coming and departing aircraft , to regulate how the plane would have to come and go is not that's easy , but it is very difficult , because if the people who work in the air traffic control had little mistake in taking actions and decisions in the departure and arrival of aircraft , then it would indeed be very fatal . Process of thinking and decision-making that is in the realm of cognition, because surely the people who work in air traffic control are the ones who have high cognitive sensitivity . Thus is my understanding of the cognitive glimpse .
Cognitive psychology derived from a combination of two words , namely psychology and cognition / cognitive , and gave rise to a meaning , ie cognitive psychology , in his discussion , cognitive psychology is no longer talking about the mental processes and human psychiatric conditions , but to discuss the thought process , and how the information retrieval process the information is processed in the brain . Very much the definition of cognitive psychology - definition of the experts , of the many definitions of cognitive psychology can I take the conclusion bring cognitive psychology is a study of how to understand human mental processes in receiving and processing the information it receives .Cognitive psychology has a scope that includes learning the deliberations of cognitive psychology , cognitive psychology broadly discuss and learn about the human mental processes which covers such as sensation and perception , creativity , language , memory , attention , and problem solving , as well as the other .So my little pemahasan about cognitive psychology , may be useful for all readers , Amin Ya Rabb .....By_Muhammad Fikri At- Tamimy

Computational Brain, Memory and Memory Iconic Ekhoik

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computational brainHumans use a computational brain to perceive the information it receives , both in understanding the environment , understand its world , and also processes the information received by him . Brain to process and interpret the information received by the nervous system parifer located therein , and sensation and perception processes involved .Brain and nervous system in general parifer designed to perceive , think , and understand the information received , Steve Pinker reveals it in his book How the Mind Works " The mind is a system that is composed of computational organs , which was designed by natural selection to solve the various problems faced by our ancestors during their lives as hunter - gatherers , in particular to understand and outsmart objects , such as animals , plants , and other human " ( 1997, p 21 ) .Computational brain concept is based on the idea that the mind is all sorts of anything done by the brain, the information processing , when we were doing " high-level cognition " for instance , - as when we 're thinking about how to get a faithful lover , or how to draw hearts girl - that we seek , then the process is such that we are doing a kind of computation .Stages of information processing starting from the physical energy that stimulates the sensory system , and transduced ( converted into neural energy by sensory organs ) . Neural energy is stored momentarily in sensory storage , and further processed by the central nervous system , and encoded , and may be sent to the system memory for further processing , then the result may trigger a series of responses that are processed further as part of the stimulus field .

Iconic storage
Iconic or iconic memory storage is the ability to capture visual impressions in a very short period of time , for cognitive psychologists , the term implies the existence of memory is encoding and storage of information involving cognitive processes that a high level . Although the iconic memory involves the storage of information , but recent discoveries suggest that iconic storage processes do not involve high-level cognitive , speed of visual information received by the eye is processed in the brain and is able to last about one second .
In a subsequent study found that that information diindra by eye and represented in iconic storage , if the information received was not sent to the processing stages that subsequently , the information received was fast disappearing , about 250 milliseconds to 4 seconds .
Many studies conducted by experts to investigate the loss of the information received in a very short storage of this iconic , one of which is a study varying the interval between the appearance of the letters with the appearance of a cue tone or a certain look , the result is a period of storage in iconic memory is very short , only about 250 milliseconds , or ¼ sec .
Ekhoik stronge
Nesser (1967 ) revealed that similar to the storage ekhoik iconic storage in two ways, the first is the raw sensory information is stored in the storage space , so that the raw information can be further processed , and the second is the storage time is very short , the same as the iconic storage , only about 250 milliseconds to 4 seconds , if memory serves iconic provide additional time to observe the stimuli disappeared from sight , the memory ekhoik also provide additional time to listen to the message .
Usefulness ekhoik storage becomes clearer if we consider the complexity of the processes in understanding a tones or simple conversation , along with increasing the time that auditory information is received and sensed as a " conversation " will also increase in number , the information is incorporated in one piece of small conversations , music , or other sounds that are not meaningful , except when placed in the proper context with other voices , ekhoik storage serves as the " glue " that briefly storage of auditory information is heard by the ear so that the whole auditory information received that can be understood more clearly .
For more details penimpanan ekhoik test , Moray , Bates and Barneet (1965 ) using four speakers or speakers to produce auditory stimulation ( certain sounds ) , the participants were asked to listen to the " notes " different from the four speakers , and the participants were asked to focus on an auditory signal that is received by him from what he was captured by the hearing of the four sound sources varying earlier , after the participants were asked to repeat what he remembered from listening to earlier results ( full reporting method ) , but the method of partial -assisted reporting " tools " to help participants recall what he had heard from four speakers . The experimental results indicate that partial reporting method ( which is aided by the tools ) to recall what was heard far better than reporting directly ( without tools ) . These results support the idea that a auditory information is also stored for some time in the sensory storage , more precisely in ekhoik storage .

By Muhammad Fikri At-Tamimy (12410211)

Referral : Solso,Otto, Machlin, Penerbit Erlangga, Psikologi Kognitif

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fungsionalism flow in psychology

Psychology structuralism

flow of gestalt psychology

stage of psychosexual development according to Sigmund Freud

understanding of learning according to humanistic theory

In Learning Theory Behaviorism

What Is Processing Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing?

Personality Theory of Psychoanalysis

Psychology and Cognition

Computational Brain, Memory and Memory Iconic Ekhoik

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