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Development Adolescent Relationships with Parents

Posted by Unknown Sabtu, 09 November 2013 0 komentar

                  Changes in physical , cognitive and social development that occurs in the teens have a great influence terhadaprelasi parent - teen . One of the prominent features of the teens that affect relationships with parents is a struggle for autonomy , both physical and psychological . Because adolescents spend less time with parents and more time to interact with the wider world , then they are dealing with an assortment of degan concomitant cognitive changes during adolescence . differences in ideas encountered often encouraged to conduct an examination of the values ​​and lessons that come from the parents . As a result , adolescents begin to question and challenge the view - pendangan parents and develop their own ideas . Parents are no longer seen as all-knowing authority . Optimally, teens develop insights matangdan more realistic than their parents . awareness that they are the one who has the ability , talent , and certain knowledge , they see parents as people who should be respected , as well as people who can make mistakes .
Some researchers on adolescent development stated that the achievement of psychological autonomy is one of the important developmental tasks of adolescence . However , there are differences in the types of family environment that is more conducive to the development otonomini . A number of theoretical and research kontempore rmenyatakan that good growing autonomy of the parents' relationship is positive and supportive . According to them , the parents are supportive relationship allows to reveal perasanpositif and negative , which helps the development of social competence and responsible autonomy .
Refrence :
Santrock , John W. Life Span Development . Jakarta : Eirlangga . 2011
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Four identity status

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Canadian nationals psychologist , James Maarcia (1966 , 1980 , 1991) theory of identity development Erikson analyzed and concluded that the four identity status :
1 . Deployment of identity ( identity diffusion ) is the term used by Marcia to describe teenagers who have developed a crisis yet ( ie they do not explore meaningful choices ) or to make any commitment . They not only have to decide the options and ideological work , but also tend to show little interest in carrying such issues .
2 . Revocation of identity ( identity foreclosure ) is the term used by Marcia to describe teenagers who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis . This most often happens when the parents continue their commitment to young people , usually in authoritarian . In such circumstances , teens have not had sufficient opportunities to track a variety of approaches , ideology , and the different jobs they develop themselves .

3 . Delays identity ( identity moratorium ) is a term used by Marcia to describe teenagers who are in the midst of the crisis , but they committed no or only vaguely defined .
4 . Achievement of identity ( identity achievement) is the term for adolescents Marcia who have experienced a crisis and have made a commitment .
One's level of commitment and crisis teenagers used to classify individuals according to one of the four identity status . Crisis (crisis ) is defined as a period of identity development during adolescence choose between meaningful choices . Most researchers now use the term assessment ( exporation ) and not a crisis (crisis ) , although in the spirit of the original formulation Marcia , we will use the term crisis . Commitment (commitment ) is defined as a part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal responsibility for what they will do .

Refrence :
Desmita . Developmental Psychology . Bandung : Rosda . 2005
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Youth Group Versus Group Children

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Different groups of children from youth groups in several important ways . Members of groups of children often are friends or acquaintances neighbors , and the groups they are usually not less formal youth groups . During the years of adolescence , the groups tend to have a broader membership . In other words , older friends than friends or neighbors often are members of youth groups .
When ethnic minority children enter adolescence and into schools more heterogeneous school population , they are increasingly aware of their minority status . Ethnic minority adolescents often have two kinds of peer relationships , one at school and the other in the community .
At the end of childhood , boys and girls participated in a little click , which members of the same sex . When they entered the early years of adolescence, click on the members of the same sex began to interact with each other . Gradually the leaders and members of the more high- status form more clicks based on heterosexual relationships . At the end click on the newly created heterosexual replace cliques same sex . Heterosexual cliques also interact with each other in group activities broader - on dance and sports , for example . Pas late teens , the group began to disperse when the couples develop a more serious relationship and make long-term plans that may involve the engagement and wedding .

Refrence :
Santrock , John W. Life Span Development . Jakarta : Eirlangga . 2011
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Emotional development of infants

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To inditifikasi emotional expressions in infants is needed to measure the emotional system . Like the " MAX " , is the baby's facial expression coding system related to emotions developed by Izard , using MAX , coding notice slow motion footage of baby's face backlash against social rangsangan.senyum in children aged approximately 4 to 6 weeks , outrage , amazement , and sadness occurs in approximately 3 to 4 months of age , the fear is shown in approximately 5 to 7 months of age , shame occurs approximately 6 to 8 months , and the humiliation and guilt seen approximately 2 years .
• Crying
Crying is the most important mechanism that is owned by the newborn to communicate with their world . Babies have three basic types of tears are crying , angry cries , and cries of pain .
• Smile
Smiling is an important communicative affective behavior by infants . Two types of infant smiles on the reflexive and socially .
Refrence ,
Hurlock.Elizabeth B. Developmental Psychology . Jakarta : Eirlangga
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Emotions In Infants

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Emotion is basically things that need to be considered by parents in the baby's development , because without the parents sensitivity in response to the emotional state of the baby will give bad impact yag . Emotions themselves are feeling or affection that involves a mixture of physiological fluctuation , eg rapid heart rate , and the observed behavior eg , smile or ringisan , ( john w Santrock : 2002, p 205 ) .
Basically emotional development in infants or children with age its development , not only regarding the accuracy of expressing emotions , but also the differentiation of emotions . Emotions in infants have certain characteristics diataranya infant emotions reaksin accompanied by a strong and great for menimbulkanya stimuli , especially in terms of anger and fear . But the emotions that arise in infants are temporary and can be changed to other emotions if the baby's attention diverted . Besides emotion when the baby more easily familiarized dibamding other periods , this is due to limited intellectual abilities baby so they are easy to catch stimuli that can instill emotions .
Psychologists have classified emotions in two criteria: positive emotions and negative emotions . Ie positive Afektifitas megacu on the degree of positive emotions high energy yyang anntusiasme , excitement , until juice calm , patient and withdrawn . So that a sense of pleasure to say senagi negative emotions positif.afektifitas EMOI refers to negative , are like anxiety , anger , guilt and sadness . The second dimension is a dimension independent , ie one can be at the same level in the same time .
Refrence ,
Hurlock.Elizabeth B. Developmental Psychology . Jakarta : Eirlangga

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