Ivan Petrovich Pavlov's Theory Of Learning
Jumat, 13 Desember 2013
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A. Biography Of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born 14 September 1849 in Ryazan Russia which is the village where his father Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov became a pastor. He was educated at a church school and proceed to the Theological Seminary. Pavlov graduated as a Bachelor of medicine with basic physiology field. In 1884 he became Director of the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and begin research on the physiology of digestion. Ivan Pavlov won the nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904. His conditioning is greatly influences the psychology of behavioristik in America. The paper he wrote was Work of Digestive Glands (1902) and the Conditioned Reflexes (1927).He died in Leningrad on February 27, 1936. In fact he is not a scholar of psychology and he did not want called as psychologists, because he is a scholar of science a faal Bigot.How much is entirely the way scholars think faal, in fact he is very anti against psychology as it deems less scientific. In penelitian-penelitiannya he always tried to avoid the meupun concepts of Psychology terms. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Pavlov's role in psychology is very important, because his study of reflex-reflex would constitute the basis for the development of flow psychology of Behaviorism. The most important is his view that activities other than not actually psychic series-a series of sheer reflex. Therefore, to study psychic activity (psychology) we simply learn the reflex-reflex. Actual view from an other Russia called I.M. Sechenov. I.M. This Pavlovian influence a lot, and then relied upon by J.B. Watson's views on the United States in Behaviorismenya flow after obtaining changes as necessary.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born 14 September 1849 in Ryazan Russia which is the village where his father Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov became a pastor. He was educated at a church school and proceed to the Theological Seminary. Pavlov graduated as a Bachelor of medicine with basic physiology field. In 1884 he became Director of the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and begin research on the physiology of digestion. Ivan Pavlov won the nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904. His conditioning is greatly influences the psychology of behavioristik in America. The paper he wrote was Work of Digestive Glands (1902) and the Conditioned Reflexes (1927).He died in Leningrad on February 27, 1936. In fact he is not a scholar of psychology and he did not want called as psychologists, because he is a scholar of science a faal Bigot.How much is entirely the way scholars think faal, in fact he is very anti against psychology as it deems less scientific. In penelitian-penelitiannya he always tried to avoid the meupun concepts of Psychology terms. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Pavlov's role in psychology is very important, because his study of reflex-reflex would constitute the basis for the development of flow psychology of Behaviorism. The most important is his view that activities other than not actually psychic series-a series of sheer reflex. Therefore, to study psychic activity (psychology) we simply learn the reflex-reflex. Actual view from an other Russia called I.M. Sechenov. I.M. This Pavlovian influence a lot, and then relied upon by J.B. Watson's views on the United States in Behaviorismenya flow after obtaining changes as necessary.
B. learning theory and experiment of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) was a famous behavioristik with the theory of associative conditioning stimulus-response and this is the best remembered of him up to now. Classic conditioning (conditioning or classical terms) is the process by which found against his experiments through Pavlovian dogs, where native and neutral stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus repeatedly so that gave rise to the desired reaction.
He found that he could use the neutral stimulus, such as a tone or beam to form a behavior (response). The experiments carried out in other experts and Pavlov seems very affected view of Behaviorism, where psychiatric symptoms a person seen from his behavior. This is in accordance with the opinion of the Bakker that most central in the life of the mind, not just the human role and talk, but the vagaries of the Act. Thoughts on the task or the new plan will get the meaning right if he did something.Starting from the assumption that dotted by using specific stimulation, stimulation-human behavior can be changed according to what is wanted. Pavlov then held experiments with use of animals (dogs) because he considered the animals have in common with humans. Nevertheless, with all its attributes, intrinsically different humans with animals.
Eksperimen Pavlov:
Here are the stages of experiments and explanations from the picture above:
The first picture. Where the dogs, when given a food (UCS) then autonomously the dog will salivate (UCR).
The second image. If they rang a Bell dog so he does not respond or salivate.
The third image.So in this experiment are given a dog food (UCS) after being given a Bell sound (CS) first, so the dog will salivate (UCR) due to grant of food.
The fourth image. After this treatment is done repeatedly, then when the dog hears the sound of the Bell (CS) without being given food, autonomously dogs will give a response in the form of discharge of saliva from his mouth (CR).
In this how to wants to shape the behavior of the dogs so that when the sound of a Bell give he will respond by salivate despite without a given food. Because initially (Figure 2) does not respond to any dog when it heard the sound of a Bell.
If dogs are continuously given stimulus in the form of a Bell sound and then salivate without being given a gift in the form of food. The ability of the conditioned stimulus (the sound of a Bell) to evoke a response (saliva) will be lost. This is called an extinction or elimination.
Pavlov suggested four experimental event in the process of acquisition and removal as follows:.
Not conditioned Stimulus (UCS), an event environment through innate ability can cause reflex organismik. Example: food
Conditioned Stimulus (CS), a neutral environmental event paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Example: the sound of a Bell is a neutral stimulus in the stimulus is not conditioned with the pair in the form of food.
The response is not conditioned (UCR), a natural reflex evoked autonomously or by itself. Example: salivate
Respos conditioned reflex (CR), who studied and arising out of the merger of CS and US. Example: discharge of saliva as a result of the incorporation of the sound of the Bell with food.
Conclusions from this experiment is that the behavior is actually none other than a series of reflex-reflex-reflex, which happened after the kondisioning process (air-conditioning process) where the reflex-reflex that had been associated with stimulation-supplies-not connected with stimulation-gradually. In other words, the reflex movements can be learned, can change as it gets a workout. So can thus be distinguished two kinds of reflex, i.e. reasonable reflex (unconditioned reflexes)-came out drool upon seeing the tasty food and a conditional reflex or reflex learned (conditioned reflex)-out of saliva because accept or react to a specific sound.
Experiments of Pavlov dog produces against the laws of learning, including:
Law of Respondent Conditioning i.e. law conditioning is required. If two different kinds of stimulus were presented simultaneously (one of which serves as a reinforcer), then reflex and other stimulus will increase.
Law of Respondent Extinction i.e. law of destruction is required. If the reflex has been reinforced through the air-conditioning that Respondent brought back without presenting a reinforcer, then its power will decrease
So then according to the theory of the air-conditioning that learning is a process of change that occurs due to the terms (conditions) which then caused the reaction (response). To make one learn shall we give certain terms. The most important in learning according to the air-conditioning is the existence theory exercises that continue (continuous). Which take precedence in respect of this theory is the study of rebellion occur automatically.
Tracing the psychology of behavioristik using a ekperimental approach, an objective refleksiologis Pavlov remains a model of extraordinary and unrivalled.
C. the application of the theory in everyday life
Adherents of this theory say that all human behavior is none other than air-conditioning. The results of the exercises or the Customs mereaksi of terms or a specific stimulus-stimulus that had happened in his life. The learning process which is described as such according to Pavlov consists of the formation of the association between the stimulus and the response is reflexive. Basic discovery that Pavlov, according to J.B. Watson was given the term Behaviorism. Watson argued that human behavior should be studied objectively. He rejected the idea of the mentalistik associated with the innate and instinctive. Watson used the theory of Classical Conditioning to everything related to learning. Psychologists generally supports the process mechanistic. The meaning of Genesis environment will automatically generate a response. The learning process is moving with a view of the situation thoroughly to segment (a unit of language that is abstracted from the unity of speech or text) for a specific language. The material presented is similar to the method listen said.
It turns out in the daily life there is a similar situation as in dogs. For example, the sound track from an ice cream salesman who traveled from House to House.It may sound strange at first, but after the pejual ice cream is often late, the tune could publish drool much less during the hot day.Imagine, when no such song how worn-out salesmen yelling peddling the companionship. Another example is the sound of a Bell in the classroom for a time indicator or button of the queue at the bank. Unwittingly, the process of marking something that distinguish the sounds of food vendors (rujak, fried rice, and dumplings) are often passed in the House, incoming class of bel-break or after school and lining up at the bank without having to stand for long.Contohlain adalahuntuk add stickiness with the spouse, if you have a spouse who was "very fond of (UCR)" with chocolate (UCS). Every you met (CS) and then give your lover a chocolate for your lover, autonomously he'll really like with Brown grants you. Based on theory, when it is done repeatedly, then it is enough to meet you without giving chocolate, then autonomously your partner would really like (CR) with you, this can happen due to the formation of behavior between UCS, CS, CR, and UCR wants as has been done by pavlov. Other examples of the sound of a Bell in the classroom for a time indicator or button of the queue at the bank. Unwittingly, the process of marking something that distinguish the sounds of food vendors (rujak, fried rice, and dumplings) are often passed in the House, incoming class of bel-break or after school and lining up at the bank without having to stand for long.
From these examples it can note that by applying the strategies of individual turns out to be controlled by Pavlov through changing the natural stimulus with the right stimulus to get the desired response repetition, while individuals do not realize that he was controlled by the stimulus that comes from outside himself.
D. application of the theory of Learning in Learning Pavlov
Things that must be considered in applying the theory of learning according to Pavlov is the strong characteristics of the underlying are:
Concerned with the influence of the environment
Concerned with parts
Concerned with the role of the reaction
Give priority to the formation mechanism study results through stimulus response procedures
Concerned with the role of ability who have preconceived
Concerned with the formation of habits through practice and repetition
The learning outcomes achieved is the emergence of the desired behavior.
As a consequence of this theory, the teachers who use paradigm Pavlov will compile learning materials in a form that is ready, so that the learning objectives that must be mastered students delivered intact by the teacher. Not many teachers give lectures, but a brief instruction yng followed examples of well done and through simulation. Learning materials are arranged in a hierarchy from simple to complex.
Learning objectives are divided into small sections that are marked with the attainment of a particular skill. Learning oriented on results that can be measured and observed. The error should be corrected. Repetition and rehearsal are used so that the desired behavior can become a habit. The expected results of the application of learning theory of Pavlov is a tebentuknya the desired behavior. The desired behavior gets positive reinforcement and behavior that are less appropriate awarded negative.Evaluation or assessment based upon behavior seems.
criticism of the theory of Pavlovian learning learning is student-centered teachers, mechanistic, and only bersifaat oriented on results that can be observed and measured. This criticism is unfounded because the use of the theory of Pavlov has specific requirements in accordance with the traits that he came up with. Not every subject can use this method, so sharp and the sensitivity of the situation and condition of teacher learning is very important to apply the condition behavioristik.
This Pavlovian method is particularly suitable for obtaining the ability requires practice and conditioning containing elements such as: speed, spontaneity, flexibility, reflexes, endurance and so on, for example: foreign language conversation, typing, using a computer, dancing, swimming, sports and so on. This theory also fits applied to train children who still need adult role dominance, like repeat and must be conditioned, loves to imitate and delighted with the award forms directly as given sweets or praise.
The application of learning theory of Pavlov's wrong in a learning situation also led to the process of learning which is not very pleasant for students that teachers as a central, authoritarian attitude, communication takes place in one direction, teacher training and determine what is to be learned. Students are considered passivity, need motivation from outside, and strongly influenced by reinforcement given teacher. Students just listen with an orderly description of teacher and memorize what is heard and seen as an effective way of learning.
The downside of this is the air-conditioning theory, the theory that learning it is just mengangaap going secarab automatic, liveliness and personal determination in not dihiraukannya. The role of the practice or habit of assertions too. While we do not know that in acting and doing something humans do not solely depend on the influence from the outside. I own private or play a role in selecting and determining the actions and reactions to what is going to do. This is indeed the right air-conditioning theory if we connect with animal life. In humans this theory can only be received in a particular learning things. For example in learning about skills (dexterity-dexterity) and concerning specific conditioning on little kids.
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