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The development of Human Cognition

Posted by Unknown Kamis, 28 November 2013 0 komentar

Everyone will inevitably experience growth, both physically, socially, too cognition. And it will take place during his lifetime. Which will be discussed here is how the development of human cognition that occurs along their lifetime. The development of cognition specifically focused on changes in ways of thinking, problem solving, memory and intelligence.

Human cognition, from the point of view of development is the result of a series of developmental stages starting from the early years of growth. And the growth is influenced by genes and the environment in which the individual was raised. Such as Steven Pinker says "parents equip their children with genes and the environment". Quite clearly not, and we can see from the reality around. The development is influenced by many factors. Prominent factors include genes and environmental factors.

Here we will review some of the theory of a well-known figure with his observations are the basis for the development of modern psychology. He is Jean Piaget.

General principles for Piaget, namely about cognitive development as follows :

· The organization refers to the nature of the mental structures that are used to explore and understand word. Tingkat think the simplest is the scheme (scheme), that some mental representations of action (physical or mental) that are made to the object. A simple example is the newborn, sucking, grasping, and seeing a scheme that is used as a strategy to find out the baby's cognitive world.

· Adaptation includes two processes, namely assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process of obtaining information from the outside, and with the knowledge and behavior assimilation we were before. An example here is the baby, her world is more influenced by physical objects and their first scheme is the inclusion of the objects in her mouth. Accommodation includes the process of change (adaptation) long scheme that processes information and new objects in their environment. Sample baby was, the longer it will grow large and increasing mobility. They will approach his father's workbench. However, because it is too large and may not be taken. Then it will accommodate (change) scheme right length so he leaned his face to the table and then took a bite.

From the above, clearly seen in the infant cognition has been progressing. Previously he would only take a small object around it and put it into the mouth. But as we age, so he has developed cognition right and he will change their mindset (scheme) long with a new scheme in accordance with increasing age.

(Solso, Robert L, Dkk. 2007. Psikologi Kognitif Edisi 8)

Transformational Language

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What will comes to mind when you hear the word language? People will tend to answer about communication. Yes, it is a language we can understand how other people around us. How these sentences can be written if the owner of the pen just do not understand the language? Although not many know, at least the owner of the pen to understand what language it uses in everyday life.
Indeed there is a variety of languages. And the variety of all purpose and functionality. But definitely there because it used language in the world. Do not crossed our minds that the language is actually the main menu in our sociable environment. Obviously!! With what we can talk if not using language. though we do not say. As of this writing examp. However, in this paper contains the language. Because not only to the spoken language, but the language can also be a symbol or writing that can be understood by others.

From this small article I would like to elaborate a bit on Transformational Grammar. As to whether it? Not far from our imagination. Procedures often we use everyday. It's just that we do not understand and realize that we have used. Transformational grammar associated with changes in the linguistic forms that may retain the same meaning. Like a simple example :

Nikki wrote couplet story

Couplet written story that Nikki

Both sentences above have the same meaning and have similar words. Only a basic structure that is different. Well this is called transformational grammar. Can already be understood??
Here are some ideas that are often considered to represent aspects of the theory of Chomsky's most important :

* language has a fundamental uniformity (underlying uniformity ), and the basic structure of the language is often associated with the meaning of a sentence than the surface characteristics of the language.

* Language is not a closed system ( closed system ), but rather a system that is able to produce new units ( to be generative ).

* In tersebutterdapat the basic structures of the elements which are common in all languages, and these elements may reflect the organizing principles of cognition are innate (innate organizing principles of cognition ). Organizing principles that may directly affect learning and language production.

There are three aspects to describe the contribution of Chomsky's linguistic theory : surface structure (surface structure) is part of a sentence that can be broken ( sigmented ) and labeled by using the general decomposition technique (conventional parsing ), the structure ( deep structure) is basic meaning of a structure, and the transformational rules ( transformational rules ).

(Solso, Robert L, Dkk. 2007. Psikologi Kognitif Edisi 8)

AWARENESS

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AWARENESS. This word is familiar dipendengaran us, is not it? But we know what the real meaning? Not infrequently the author describes about consciousness, such as whether consciousness. This is how. How important role. Well, here I want to share a bit of knowledge about consciousness.

Well, my friends can guess what kind of meaning ? Stuart Sutherland (British psychologist) provide an assessment of the consciousness, ie consciousness is an amazing phenomenon but elusive; difficult to specify what is consciousness, what consciousness, and why consciousness evolved. William James (1890-1950) depicts the mind as a stream of consciousness ( stream of consciousness) continuous flow of sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings are constantly changing. Our mind is racing from one topic to the next topic : just as today we wake up from sleep, go into the bathroom, getting ready to go to college, then walked toward the campus , whom we met on the street, until finally we sit in class and listen to our professors talk clearly explain the material .

In everyday life we certainly do a lot of activities. However, the activity of many. Surely there are some that we do outside of our awareness. Could you please specify what it is? A simple example is running . Do you think running was a conscious activity? That road is a reflex movement. Which moves away without us knowing. How many steps we walked. That right or kirikah the first step. What is the distance span every step. We do not know right?

Well, we look at the function of consciousness itself there are several, including by Baars & McGovern (1996 ) :

• Context-setting : working systems to define the context and knowledge of a stimuli that come into memory. Role : clarify an understanding of the relevant stimulus.

• Adaptation and learning : to successfully handle new information

• Prioritization and access functions : to access large amount of information available at the unconscious level.

• Recruitment & Control : consciousness enters the motor system to perform conscious actions.

• Decision-making and executive : bringing information and resources out of the unconscious to assist decision-making and implementation of control.

• Detection & editing mistake : focusing on the awareness that we are entering the system norm (which is in the unconscious level) so ourselves "we" (the conscious) can know when we make mistakes.

• Monitor-self (self - monitoring) : control functions and are not aware of the self-conscious ; forms of self-reflection, internal conversations, and imagery .

• Organizing & flexibility : it allows us to rely on the automatic functions in predictable situations ; enters the resources of specialized knowledge in unexpected situations .

(Solso, Robert L, Dkk. 2007. Psikologi Kognitif Edisi 8)

INSOMNIA

Posted by Unknown Sabtu, 19 Oktober 2013 0 komentar

Night's sleep is one to rest his entire body, except the brain. When we sleep our head this thing is still active, but its function is reduced. Have you ever had trouble sleeping at night? or what we often call with insomnia.

Insomnia is a symptom of a sleep disorder in recurrent difficulties to sleep or maintaining sleep, although there is a chance for it. The symptoms are typically followed by functional impairment while awake.Insomnia is often caused by the presence of a disease or due to psychological problems. In this case, medical or psychological assistance would be needed. One of the psychological therapies that effectively deal with insomnia is cognitive therapy. In the therapy, a patient is taught to improve sleep habits and eliminate counter-productive assumptions about sleep.

Treatment of insomnia depends on the cause and severity of insomnia. Parents who experience sleep changes as we age, usually do not require treatment, because these changes are normal. Insomniacs should remain calm and relaxing few hours before bedtime and create a comfortable atmosphere in the bedroom ; dim light and not noisy.

If the cause is emotional stress, given drugs to reduce stress. If the cause is depression, given anti-depressants. If the sleep disturbance associated with normal activities and patient felt healthy patients , may be given medication to sleep for a while. Another alternative to overcome insomnia without drugs are the therapeutic hypnosis or hypnotherapy .

MEMORY

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 18 Oktober 2013 0 komentar

Mr St . Basile said , memory is stored imaginary place cabinets , chests guarded logical place , the front door where kesadaan entry , and also an advisory board for our thoughts . You can imagine how it would look ? The answer is no . It is used by the father of the parable St . Basile to describe what the function of a man's memory .

Have you ever wondered how does man's memory ? Is such a hard - disk ? Or is it like a flash - disk ? Or like the memory card? The answer is no . But human memory is located on a small object called the brain . And from here we will know what kind of human memory . Not of form but what kinds and how it is used .

The scientists introduced us 2 types of memory , the short-term memory ( short - term memory / STM ) and long-term memory ( Long - term memory / LTM ) . Short-term memory has a capacity smaller than the long-term memory . But has an important role in memory processing . Short-term memory capacity is limited to seven items , but densities or the amount of information per item may be increased by chunking ( such as combining several letters into meaningful words ) which requires the existence of accessing information from long-term memory . Whereas long-term memory itself has the most outstanding characteristic is keberanekaragamannya . Starting from the encoding , abstraction of information , structure , capacity , and permanence . Unlimited capacity , and there is no end of the duration.

From the above explanation is certainly little friends can be a little understanding as to whether long-term memory and short-term memory as if . Two are closely related and both are needed in human life .

(Solso, Robert L, Dkk. 2007. Psikologi Kognitif Edisi 8)

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