Posted by UnknownSelasa, 24 Desember 20130
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In Indonesia, Lesbianism apparently
developed rapidly in the social area. In the past, women lesbian best to hide
his true identity, but this time they come together in a container or
organization that everyone can know. See, lesbian groups scattered around
Facebook and other adult sites. So the question is, whether Lesbianism is
currently a lifestyle? Is not an abnormality or lesbian sexual deviance? Before
concluding, World of Psychology blog will be trying to look into what it is
lesbianism.
Psychologist John Buss estimates that 2% of the women is a lesbian (Buss,
2004). Maybe not anymore! The latest survey of teenage girls and young women
found that about nearly 15% of young women today identify themselves as
lesbian, compared with about 5% of young men who identify as gay (Ritch
Savin-Williams and Geoffrey L. Ream, 2007).
Researchers at Cornell University, to collect a representative sample of
young women that includes more than 20,000 people in 80 communities across the
United States, found that 85.1% of young women identified as heterosexual, 0.5%
reported no sexual identity, and 14.4% were lesbian or bisexual. Among young
men, 94.0% identified themselves as heterosexual, 0.4% of men reported no
sexual identity, and 5.6% were identified as gay or bisexual.
Do not worry they will study in America. Proportion in Indonesia could
be less or even higher, because of the culture (customs, environment, religion,
etc.) affect research involving sexual orientation. As seen in Europe, for
example, in Norway, more than 20% of girls and young women identified as
lesbian (L. Wichstrøm and K. Hegna, 2003) Lesbian and Changes in Psychological Perspective
Lesbianism is derived from the word Lesbos. Lesbos is the designation for an
island amid Egeis Ocean, which in ancient times was inhabited by women (in
Kartono, 1985). Homosexuality among women referred with lesbis love or
lesbianism. Indeed, at the age of puberty, the individual appears
predisposition (nature, tendency) bisexual, namely love of a friend's daughter,
at once loving friend of a man.
Psychology is one of the first disciplines to study homosexuality as a
phenomenon. Before and during most of the 20th century, see homosexuality as a
psychological model of pathological behavior. Before the 1970s, many
psychological studies concluded that homosexual behavior is abnormal. Most of
the study subjects were gay men and lesbians; majority of research subjects
drawn from prisons, psychiatric hospitals and consulting psychologists. This
study has been criticized because the sample taken is the subject of the
'distressed', poor people, minorities lifestyle, etc., is not representative of
a population.
Beginning with a protest by gay activists, aided by many psychiatric convention
held in San Francisco that discusses gay rights. In the mid-1970s, there has
been a significant shift in the psychology of homosexuals, who think that
homosexuals and lesbians are in the range of 'normal' human behavior. The
climax is a homosexual discharged from the American Psychiatric Association's
(APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), or better
known as the DSM-III.
Data from researchers such as Alfred Kinsey and Evelyn Hooker, and after a vote
by APA committee in 1973, which was confirmed by the APA membership in 1974,
concluded that homosexuality is no longer including mental disorders, but
"disorder of sexual orientation (sexual orientation disturbance) ( Spitzer
RL, 1981). "
In 1975, the American Psychological Association (APA) released the official
policy that homosexuality is not a mental disorder (mental disorders), and
mental health professionals urged to take steps to eliminate the stigma of
'mental illness' that has long been associated with gay and lesbian.
Lesbian and Sexuality
Many think of the physical if the woman is a lesbian tomboy mostly, of course
not. More than 16% of heterosexual women also reported as girls become tomboys.
Only 3-4% of the heterosexual men reported 'to' sissy when young. So if you
called a sissy (remember it and are willing to admit it) is a stronger
predictor than being homosexual is called a tomboy.
Defining both sexual activity and social identity of a lesbian until now it
continues to be debated. According to feminist writer Naomi McCormick (1994),
an indicator of lesbian sexual orientation is sexual experience with another
woman. However, McCormick states refuse sex between women, which emphasizes the
emotional connection, support, sensitivity, and idealistic closeness between
women is the most important part rather than sexual intercourse. The views of
the lesbian feminist (Anti-Pornography Feminism) is actually never challenged
before by lesbian sexually-oriented ('Pro-Sex' Feminism) in the 1980s, known
for "Sex Wars" (Duggan, Lisa and Nan D. Hunter. 2006 ).
Many of us are curious about the lesbian sexual orientation. What makes a
lesbian? Not exactly known what causes someone to be gay and lesbian, but
research shows that it is based on individual biological factors. Sexual
orientation is usually seen started puberty. Although sexual orientation began
to develop before birth, tend to change during a person's life. Naum some are
considered more dominant environmental factors.
In the past, to find out the lesbian or gay person to use a measuring tool
called the Kinsey Scale. Alfred Kinsey (a psychologist who helped fight for gay
rights) developed the Kinsey Scale as a way to describe a person's sexual
orientation. Kinsey found that many people are not exclusively gay or lesbian,
but their sexual orientation can be in between. Kinsey Scale categories, among
others:
0 - exclusively heterosexual
1 - predominantly heterosexual, homosexual infrequently 2 - predominantly heterosexual, but more infrequently than homosexual 3 - Equally heterosexual and homosexual (bisexual) 4 - predominantly homosexual, but more infrequently than heterosexual
5 - predominantly homosexual, heterosexual infrequently 6 - exclusively homosexual
Today, many researchers consider the Kinsey Scale is too simple. They argue
that each person's sexual orientation may be more complex than the label given
basic Kinsey. Every person is different and each person's sexual orientation is
unique. People can choose to label their sexual orientation they want (being
gay, lesbian or bisexual) and many people choose not to label at all
(AntiSeks). Like most people in the western culture, which taught that
heterosexuality is an innate quality in all people. When a woman is aware of
sexual attraction and romantic another woman, then adopted the identity of a
lesbian, challenging what society offered in stereotypes about heterosexual.
So if Lesbianism is a sexual abnormality or lifestyle? Many constructive
criticism given to the World of Psychology blog while writing this article.
Previously we also clarify never mentions lesbians is a mental disorder (mental
disorder). For many readers, the word Sexual abnormalities may be considered
the same as Mental Disorders (Mental Disorder). Though there is no intention at
all to equate lesbians as a mental disorder.
We surrender completely to the reader, and that should be remembered is the
fact that before concluding the lesbian into a lifestyle of women as a gender
issue intensified. Accused them of sexual abnormalities are also too naive,
because there has been no research lesbians in Indonesia. It could be due to
the increasing number of lesbian Indonesia 'inability' of men putting women in
its proper place. God bissawab.
You
ever watch the Golden Ways? I'm sure most readers have seen the show hosted by
Mario, and not a few who become a fan of this one master motivator. Mario
seemed to be able to 'hypnotize' the audience with words of wisdom. Now you may
wonder why you love with the event? What is the effect and benefit to you. The
answer you might want to have a better change your life today.
Well, the World of Psychology will discuss Mario, but try to give a little
review of the relationship and the effect on the incidence of behavioral
motivation. Why is this important? Because at any given motivation (even by
Mario though) if being offset by the consistency of behavior then it will be in
vain. Motivation relationship with Behavior
Motivation is a force that is present in humans that cause, directing, and
organizing behavior (Behavior). This behavior arises because of the
encouragement of internal factors and external factors. The behavior is seen as
a reaction or response to a stimulus.
Woodhworth (in Petri, 1981) * reveals that the behavior is due to the
motivation or encouragement (drive) which directs the individual to act in
accordance with the interests or objectives to be achieved. Because without
prompting before there will not be a force that directs the individual to a
mechanism of onset of behavior. The push is enabled by the need (need), in the
sense of the need arouse encouragement, and encouragement eventually led to
activate or behavioral mechanisms.
Further explained that the motivation as the cause of the emergence of
the concept of behavior according to Woodworth has three (3) characteristics,
namely:
1. Intensity; concerning weak and strong encouragement
causing certain individuals to behave; 2. Giver directions; directs individuals in avoiding
or perform a specific behavior; 3. Persistency, or the tendency to repeat the behavior
continuously.
In other words, if all three are weak, then the motivation will not be
able to cause the behavior.
Another view put forward by Hull (in As'ad, 1995) * which asserts that a
person's behavior is influenced by motivation or encouragement by holding
interests fulfillment or satisfaction of the needs that exist in the
individual. Further explained that the behavior does not arise solely because
of the encouragement that stems from the needs of the individual, but also
because of the factors studied. The boost factor is conceived as a collection
of energy that can activate behavior or as a motivational factor, where the
incidence of behavior according to Hull is a function of three things: the
strength of the impulse is on the individual; habits were obtained from the
study, as well as the interaction between the two.
Based on the above, both concepts put forward Woodhworth and Hull
explains that motivation is closely related to the behavior. Motivation is a
construct that starts from the need or the needs of the individual self in the
form of active energy that causes a boost with a certain intensity for
activating, giving directions, and making persistent (repeated) from a behavior
to meet the needs of the underlying causes impulse itself. Well, for those of
you Mario fans or likes to read motivational words, make sure that certain
things should be fulfilled in order to change the behavior that you expect to
be real.
You
have ever dreamed of, all readers must have experienced it not? Dreams can be
interesting, fun, scary or strange things that do not make sense. Why we dream
is still one of the biggest questions in psychology are "unanswered",
although many experts try to define your dreams, including Sigmund Freud.
However, at this time continue to browse and scientists are still researching
about the dream. And there are many people who make a guess about the dream,
even referenced toggle number, foreboding, fortune and even disaster. Oh no
.....!
Dreams can be meaningful to everyone, but there is consider as flower beds.
World of Psychology will not discuss further about the theory of the dream, but
the review interesting facts about dreams, curious? The following 7 interesting
facts about dreams. This fact is based on the results of research on people who
have a dream.
1. Every Person Ever Dreaming Yes, every person had the name dreams, men, women and a baby, even those
who claim to have never even dreamed of proven research experience in a dream.
In some studies about people who claimed to have never dreamed, when done
research aided measurement Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep), it was found
that they too had a dream. But the difficulty to remember the dream when
awakened.
2. Difficult Dreams to Remember
The results of the research conducted dreams J. Allan Hobson, said as many as
95 percent of all dreams are quickly forgotten shortly after waking. Why is it
difficult to remember our dreams? According to one of the results of research
they will say that the changes in the brain that occur during sleep does not
support the processing and storage of information required for memory
formation. Brain scans of individuals who are sleeping indicates that the frontal
lobes, an area that plays a key role in memory formation, are inactive during
REM sleep, the stage where dreaming occurs.
3. Not all dreams have color
Do you remember your dreams? if you remember, what seems to be the color that
appears in your dreams? Black and white? Red or Pink ...?? as much as 80% of
all dreams have color, but few can explain the color, and only estimate the
color black and white only. Most of the study subjects admitted only see soft
colors / shadows in their dreams. How about you?
4. Men and women have different dreams
Researchers have found a number of differences between men and women when 'see'
the content of their dreams. In one study, William Domhoff said, more men dream
about aggression and masculinity. While women tend to have slightly longer
dream like a story. In the dream man, 'woman' is often present and more
dominant in their dreams. As for women, the percentage of the presence of both
(male and female) in a dream as big.
5. Dreaming of animals as well?
Have you ever seen a cat wagging its tail while sleeping or moving the legs
during sleep? Although it is difficult to say with certainty whether the beast
was really dreaming, researchers believe that there is a possibility that the
animals are dreaming. Just like humans, animals through the stages of sleep
cycles that include sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement
(NREM). In one study, the gorilla taught sign language as a communication tool.
The result, gorilla "choose" an image, may indicate dreaming
experience. You may believe should not ....
6. You can control the content of your dreams
In a Lucid Dream, the dreamer may be able to control and participate in the
dream, dream control or manipulate the content of their imaginary experiences
in the dream environment. Lucid dream, a term introduced by Frederik van Eeden,
a Dutch psychiatrist said that sometimes we can control our dreams, even the
'continue' the dream for a moment when we woke up. You have ever dreamed of a
beautiful but suddenly woke up? And when you want to go back to sleep once the
dream continue? I believe, one of the millions of times we dream the dream
sometimes really continue.
7. Negative emotions always mengiring Your Dreams
Over a period of more than forty years, researchers Calvin S. Hall collected
more than 50,000 dream reports from college students. These reports were made
in the 1990s and revealed that many of the emotions experienced during dreams
including joy, happiness and fear. The most common emotion experienced in
dreams is anxiety, and negative emotions in general are much more common than
positive. How about you?
Actually there are many more interesting facts about the dream, but in the
meantime the above 7 are relevant and easy to understand us all. The fact that
dreams can be so many interesting interpretation is what causes many people to
believe that there is meaning in our dreams
Not only
the shape of the face can reveal your personality and future but also whether
you are in harmony with your partner. Here the character and nature of which
can be revealed from your face; 1. ALIS. Can
show your mindset. • If you have thick eyebrows to the base and then
dismissed at the end of the show you are very talented in starting new
projects. • eyebrows that start with a thin base and ending with the
thicker end shows that talented people to follow detail. • If you are thick eyebrows indicating the strength of
intellectual • If you have thin eyebrows thin demonstrate mental
intensity. • Form a straight brow shows that you are a good person,
aesthetically but if the distance is too close to the eyes. • If your eyebrows are too thick which
means you are irritable and impatient. • eyebrows slightly pointed
ears to give the sense that you are a person who likes a friendly attitude.
2. EARS. Shows how to design your reality
and how you unconsciously react to things around you. • If your ears long it
shows that you have an incredible ability to listen. • If your ear size was then demonstrated
flexibility in listening. • But if you are short ears
then showed a tendency to not only gather information but also pay attention to
it seriously. • The shape of your ears are angled into the usually means
you are easy to adjust. • While the ears are angled outward show that you
hesitate to follow the rules of society. • For your ears are located higher than your eyebrow then
showed that people who want high achievers.
3. NOSE. Shows how you
manage money and what makes you different as a worker. • Short Nose talent show hard work. • Long Nose demonstrate the skills of planning and
special strategies. • straight nose shows
systematic. • Curved Nose reveals creativity. • Nose knobbly show your work back and forth. • Big nose showed the
ability to make money. • If the nostril is more closed than open, the more
likely people maintain wealth.
4. MOUTH. Reflects expression of self. • The full lips, make smart conversation so wide open and
could reveal something embarrassing. • The lips are thin show that you are smarter in personal
secrets. • short lips can show that you are more like a one-way
conversation. • You have a long lips then shows that the ability to
speak with many people. • If you have full lips and big ear lobe may indicate that
you are a very sensual person. • thin upper lip showed less affection while the lower lip
fuller showed accept the challenge.
5. Chin and JAW. Together or separately can reveal
ethic, ability to make decisions and how to resolve conflicts. • Wide jaw can show that you tend to be more physical
than mental. Vice versa if you narrow jaw. While high forehead indicates
thinkers while rounded forehead showed idealistic. • Be careful, it helps you to be careful with people who
have a protruding upper lip to the top of the lower lip, especially if a thin
upper lip. Because such a person is likely to have the property looking for
prey. • You should also be
careful with people who have a tremendous berhidup face taper and decline,
barely visible lips, small eyes and high cheek bones with a little meat.
Because people who have this face shape has a cruel nature. Believe it or not these articles, there is a theory that
the name Lombrosso theory, which fall into the category of criminal theories.
The theory states that form the structure of a person's face reflects his
personality.