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Is a learning theory that emphasizes more on human behavior . Regard the individual as being a member of a reactive response to the environment . And maintenance experience will shape their behavior .Characteristic of this theory is prioritizing the elements and a small part , is mechanistic , emphasizing the role of the environment , concerned with the formation of a reaction or response , emphasizing the importance of exercise , concerned with the mechanism of learning outcomes , concerned with the role of ability and learning results obtained is the emergence of the desired behavior . On learning theory is often called psychological SR means that human behavior is controlled by rewards or reward and reinforcement or reinforcement from the environment . Thus the learning behavior are closely interwoven between behavioral reactions to stimulus . Teachers who hold this view berpandapat that student behavior is a reaction to the environment and the behavior is the result of learning .Behavoris the theory is better known as the theory of learning , because all human behavior is the result of learning . Learning means to change the behavior of organisms as environmental influences . Behaviorism do not want people to question whether good or bad , rational or emotional ; behaviorism just wanted to know how his behavior dikendalian by environmental factors . Learning theory in the sense that a greater emphasis on human behavior . Regard the individual as being a member of a reactive response to the environment . And maintenance experience will shape their behavior .The principles of behaviorism theory is :1 . Object of psychology is behavior2 . All forms are returned on reflex behavior3 . Importance of habit formationAristotle argued that at birth the human soul does not have anything , like a candle table ready painted by experience . According to John Locke (1632-1704) , one of the empirical character , at birth humans do not have the " mental colors " . This color is derived from experience . Experience is the only way to ownership of knowledge . Idea and knowledge is the product of experience . Psychologically , all human behavior , personality , and temperament is determined by sensory experience ( sensory experience ) . Thoughts and feelings caused by past behavior .Empiricism difficulty in explaining the psychological symptoms arise when people talk about what drives humans behave in certain ways . Hedonism , saw man as a creature who moves to fulfill her interests , seek pleasure and avoid pain . In utilitarianism, human behavior is subject to the principle of reward and punishment . When combined with the hedonism and empiricism utilitariansisme , then it is called with behaviorism .Assumption that experience is the most influential dala formation behavior , implying how plastisnya human . He is easily formed into any environment with relevant creating .Thorndike and Watson , the behaviorist stance : organisms are born without social traits or psychological ; behavior is the result of experience and behavior driven or motivated by the need to increase pleasure and reduce pain. The flow of a more behavioristik elementaristik saw man as passive organisms , which is controlled by stimuli in their environment . Basically , humans can be manipulated , their behavior can be controlled by controlling the stimuli present in its environment ( Mukminan , 1997: 7 ) . Learning problems in view of behaviorism , in general , has some theories , among others : connectionism theory , Classical Conditioning , Contiguous Conditioning , and Descriptive behaviorism or better known as operant conditioning .

How we can menyenali a pattern that we do not know fully ? ? whether we can identify the father or mother we just caught a glimpse of the distance used clothes ? or we just caught a glimpse of them from behind ? ? or just look at the hands and feet? ? or we recognize these parts because we have become familiar with our parents ? ?There are two kinds of theories that could explain this , the first is the theory of bottom- up processing , and the second is the theory of top-down processing .1 . Processing Bottom - Up : Is a theory that proposes that an object recognition process begins with our identification of the specific parts of any part of an object which can be observed , which became the foundation for the introduction of the object as a whole . Examples like the above , we can know our father only with a glimpse of his body without seeing the whole , well , why we can recognize our fathers directly only with a glimpse of his limbs ? ? because we make the process of identifying the specific parts of the object that we observe ( our father ) . Such processes included in the bottom- up theory .2.PemprosesanTop - Down : It is a theory which states that an object recognition process that we have observed is by starting with a hypothesis about the identity of a pattern ( the observed object ) , which was followed by the introduction of parts of the pattern based on the assumptions that have been made previously .Palmer ( 1975b ) states that in most situations , the interpretation of the parts and the whole pattern occurs simultaneously between bottom- up and top-down . Palmer pointed out in the introduction to the parts of a face with context and without context , parts of the face can be recognized easily when placed in the proper context , and parts of the face into a form that is ambiguous when placed on their own , although it can be recognized as part the face - equipped with more detailed information ." How can one recognize a face before he first recognized the eyes , nose , mouth , and ears ? ? But how well one can recognize the eyes , nose , mouth , and ears before he knew that these parts are the parts of a face ? ? It is often referred to as parsing paradox , which includes the difficulties we encounter when we use the strategy of " bottom up " (part - whole ) or the strategy of " top-down " ( the whole to the parts) in a purely interpretative processing . ( 1975b , p . 295-296 ) "Top-down processing requires a certain amount of time in practice , the researchers examined the facial recognition has been found that the face can be interpreted according to its parts and based on the overall configuration of the part -ships , which is more superior than just the identification of the parts in recognizing faces . And his partner Susan R. Diamond ( 1977 ) from Harvard University found that children often experience kesulian use konfigurasional information and often make mistakes when a new face that they had never known previously shown wearing a cap and a scarf which was previously worn by someone they know , hats and scarves used people they know are looked familiar so when used by someone they do not know , people they do not know it looked familiar to them because people are wearing hats and scarves which they are known .Such glimpses into processing Bottom - up and top-down processing , may be useful for all readers . amen

Fikri By_Muhammad At- Tamimy

The National for the Educational of Young Children ( NAEYC ) defines early childhood education is education that serve children ages birth to 8 years for a half- day or full activities either at home or outside the institution . Association -based educators in America defines the age range based on the development of research in the field of child development psychology indicate that there are common patterns that can be predicted regarding the developments during the first 8 years of a child's life . NAEYC also plays a role as an institution that provides guidance in maintaining the quality of early childhood education programs is a quality program in accordance with the level of development and the uniqueness individu.Pembagian age range based on the uniqueness of the rate of growth and development in Indonesia , listed in the curriculum and children's learning outcomes early age are divided into the following stages ranges : ( 1 ) the baby was born - 12 months , (2 ) The term " toddler " or toddlers aged 1-3 years , (3 ) the preschool aged 3-6 years , (4 ) future kindergarten class B 4-5/6 years of age.

 Piaget's theory of the development of the concept of intelligence as well as building a structure to biological systems function , intelligence growth is influenced by the physical and social environment , maturity and equilibration . All organisms are born with a tendency to adapt ( adjust to ) the environment . Different ways to adapt to each individual , as well as the process of stage one to stage another in a single individual . Adaptation occurs in the process of assimilation and accommodation . We respond to the world by connecting the experience earned by our past experience ( assimilation ) , while each experience it contains aspects that may be new at all . The new aspect is that causes the cognitive structure ( accommodation ) . Assimilation is the process of responding to the environment in accordance with one's cognitive structure . But the process of intellectual growth would not be captured if the experience is no different from the existing schemata therefore necessary process of accommodation , which is a process that changed the cognitive structure . For Piaget the accommodation process can be likened to learning . This concept explains the need for teachers to select and customize the material rests on the basic idea that children know , and then developed with a broader stimulation misalnyadalam form.  

question thus increasing the child's ability in dealing with more complex experience .  

Piaget besides researching about the thought processes in a person he is also known by the concept that the development of the structure of thinking through several stages . Piaget's stages of cognitive development of children divide into four stages : ( 1 ) Sensory Motor Stage ( birth - 2 years ) , (2 ) the preoperative stage ( age 2-7 years ) , (3 ) stage of concrete operations ( ages 7-11 years ) ; ( 4 ) formal operations stage ( ages 11-15 years ) . These stages are raw and interrelated . The sequence of steps can not be exchanged or reversed because of formation underlies later stage the previous stage . However, the formation of these steps may vary according to the situation of someone . The difference between a very large stage . Because there are differences in quality of thinking to another . Despite this element of the previous development remains discarded . So there is continuity from stage to stage , although there is also a very noticeable difference .

TK time is early childhood . Social behavior patterns seen in early childhood , as revealed by Hurlock ( 1998:252 ), namely : cooperation , competition , generosity , ambition be social acceptance , sympathy , four , dependence , friendly attitude , the attitude of selfless , imitate , viscosity behavior .
Erik Erikson (1950 ) in Papalia and Old , 2008:370 psychoanalysis identifies a child's social development : ( 1 ) Level 1 : Basic Trust vs. Mistrust ( believe vs suspicious ) , ages 0-2 tahun.Dalam this level when in response to stimulus , children gain experience menyenamgkan confidence will grow , otherwise unpleasant experience will arouse suspicion , ( 2 ) Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt ( self vs. doubtful ) , age 2-3 years. Children are able to master activities or stifling stretch muscles throughout the body.
Child at this time when it feels able to control their body parts can meimbulkan sense of autonomy , but when the environment does not give too much credence or acting for children will result in embarrassment and anxiety , ( 3 ) Level 3 : Initiative vs. Guilt ( initiative vs. guilt ) , age 4-5 years .
At this time his attitude began to show last from the bonds of the elderly, children can move freely and interact with their environment . Previous condition of older people creates a sense of initiative , but can give rise to feelings of guilt , ( 4 ) Level 4 : industry vs. inferiority ( confidence vs. low self-esteem ) , age 6 years - puberty.
Children were able to perform tasks to prepare development into adulthood . Need to have a certain skill . When children are proficient in a particular skill can cause a sense of work , but if not dominate , creating a sense of inferiority .

Development of moral orientation found in Hardman 's three children EBD reflected an understanding of the rules that have been disepakati.Struktur cognitive development cooperation support generally appears at the age of 5 years and reach peak development before the age of 9 or 10 years except in the case of children whose economic status weak or show serious antisocial behavior . Various studies have found that the development of cooperation will vary and in some cases not at all developed with the assumption that anything that hinders learning opportunities for children to participate in society will slow the progression of their cooperation and even inhibit the emergence of behavioral autonomy in adolescence . EBD children in the study aged between 9 to 12 years old with certain characteristics . Interviews showed that 90 % of the 375 assessment refers to the normative rules and only the remaining 10% refers to the collaboration . Henry and Jessie in this case tends to obey to avoid punishment and Violet is consistent with the orientation of solidarity and praise .
Children do not always judge by the rules of normative or moral orientation egocentric . Facts show that 10 % more leads their assessment on the orientation of cooperation and solidarity is the concept of friendship or their value option . Right or wrong , people will bear the burden and enjoy the benefits together . In this case , Hardman quotes some expert views and one of them is the view of Piaget (1932/1965) which identified solidarity as a cognitive phenomenon that is important in the development of moral independence on condition that understand the rules of the agreement . Child's behavior is essentially unpredictable even though they know right from wrong or be able to apply the rules of appropriate social behavior . This is thought antas not justify that behavior and judgment is not related but just explain that this relationship is mediated by the social context itself ( cited by Hardman of Damon , 1988) .

References :

Hardman , E.L. ( 2011) . " Three Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Tell Why People Do Right " , International Journal of Special Education , Vol 27 ( 1 ) , 2011. Downloaded on March 15, 2012 from www.internationalsped.com
Unesco . (1994 ) . The SalamancaStatement andFramework for Action on Special Needs Education , World Conference on Special Needs Education : Access and Quality . Salamanca, Spain , 7-10 June 1994.

Allah has created human beings in perfect shape . that's how He speaks through his firm in the Quran . It is evident that human beings are creatures of God 's creation is composed of the sharing of complex and intricate system , in addition to the human body consists of billions of cells are arranged in a structured and has an appropriately programmed functions . One part of the human body is complex designations and has a very important function in the human body is the brain .
The brain is the control center and control center that is composed of human behavior in a structured and organized . The human brain is normal and healthy has about 200 billion nerve cells, are connected to one another via Hundreds of trillions of synapses ( iyan hernanata , 2003) . When Viewed in terms of its physiological human brain consists of the brain ( the cortex ) , midbrain ( limbic system) and the back of the brain or brain stem . - This part has the function of this part of the brain that goes in harmony between one part and another . Parts of the human brain or cortex has the function as the center of analysis , rationality and duty to solve a problem or as the center of human control . Human brain as the center of the middle manager or a feeling of emotion , while the rear or reptilian brain serves as the unconscious .
In understanding the brain as a whole , can be described in the following When Humans perform an activity in it without using logic or analysis or activities that are not aware of such a small example of when a person is sleeping , it is an activity that is based on the brain activity behind . While the central brain is the center of emotion , motivation , and attention . The third part of the brain is the brain or cortex served as the central control or decision analysis related to human behavior , in addition to the front of the human brain is also responsible for Determining the behavior of products derived from the stimulus that has been accepted by the human sensory nerves .
Aside from being the center of intelligence and of human emotion is next being. the management system in the human brain cortex , limbic and brain stem Humans are an Inseparable unity Because it has complementary functions . The human brain also has an extremely unique and amazing secrets .. For that we need the science that is consistent in researching and uncovering of vital organs for Humans , the brain . In this case there needs to be an understanding of the exact sciences like neuroscience Neuroscience is the science that studies human self as a process that takes place at the level of neural cells to the human communication process with Allah swt ( iyan , 2003) .
The human brain is basically the most important and unique part . The uniqueness of the human brain is a dynamic system that is owned by a live human being ( iyan , 2003) . In it can be seen that the human brain is one organ that Humans will continue to experience growth According to stages of human development itself . With different stimuli between the brain of the individual with other individuals , this resulted in brain qualities Possessed between one individual with other individuals differently . Stimulus is an external factor or factors derived from the human environment that can Affect the brain characteristic .
As a creature of God is given a precious gift in this case is the brain , should presumably Humans for Humans to always maintain and preserve the gift of God Almighty . thank God , Including in this case the brain is grateful for the center of human activity . grateful for the favors , in the form of the brain that was given by God to man, one of the roomates is functioning optimally developing brain by triggering the brain through all kinds of stimuli that can develop the human potential .
As the ratio of the central cortex , limbic emotional center as this can be used as the main foundation of human spiritual potential in tapping existing in man . With God 's human creatures as given a very precious gift , presumably people to always keep the grace of God Almighty and nurture included in this case are grateful for the gift of the brain that controls the center of human behavior . grateful for the favors , in the form of the brain that was given by God to man, one of roomates is the brain functioning optimally developed by triggering the brain through all kinds of stimuli that can develop the human potential .
It is the responsibility of one human being by developing the human perspective is objective and rational and balanced with the procurement of emotional intelligence that comes from the limbic part of the brain . Imbalance between the limbic cortex in the human brain and this will help the people in his life wading in the world . Just as when a man to do a simple activity that is when Humans are faced with a problem , in a situation like this people are required to make- decisions as a process leading to a private skipped start adulthood . In addition to the components that are not less important is the human spiritual intelligence , Because with the right spiritual state it will develop human intuition and will facilitate human to blend with the creator of Allah swt .
 
Bibliography
Hernanta , I. ( 2013) . Complete medical science of Neuroscience . Jogjakarta : D Medika ( Member IKAPI ) .

SUCCESS ! ! ! A word that is so simple , but it requires a long process to achieve it . In addition to requiring a long process , in achieving success is also necessary to have a strong self-motivation . Because armed with strong self-motivation , indirectly able to move us to start trying to get closer to the aspired success .
The importance of self-motivation to succeed can not be doubted . But to motivate oneself is not easy , because the motivation is also often influenced by emotional feelings and there in a person . For example, when she was attending a seminar motivational , emotional moment following the seminar you will definitely go up so that you are so motivated to achieve goals - goals to be achieved . But look at your motivation after a month of not following the seminar , self-motivation will decrease drastically if you do not get washed regularly motivation .
Here are some ways that can be used routinely to motivate ourselves to achieve success :

    Begin with a dream of success you will achieve with a sense of fun. With a sense of fun, you will be motivated to run all processes without feeling the slightest load .
    Use dreams to be achieved to influence your subconscious mind . Because our subconscious mind will influence the behavior and activities that we do in accordance with what we dream - aiming .
    Diligent search for inspiration . Look for inspiration boost your spirit to achieve success , for example by reading a travel book people - people who have been successful or follow motivational seminar recently held frequently .
    Work hard and always responsible . The second way is very necessary because with hard work , all the obstacles and failures can be overcome . As well as with a sense of responsibility to motivate us to give the best results .
    Choose an environment that can support your dreams . Choose a friend or community who have the same dream with you , because the surrounding environment with the support you can get from their positive motivation . In addition there are co - you are also ready to provide assistance if you have difficulty in carrying out the process.
    And consistent discipline for success to be achieved . Instill discipline from now on , because by familiarizing yourself with the discipline will familiarize ourselves have goals and targets to be achieved every day . So the big dreams that we want more quickly achieved if the process that we do , is done with discipline .
    Continue to develop your dreams . Try to select a destination that is not too simple life , because a dream is too modest to make us not fully motivated . Due to the motivation and strength we really needed a big dream we want to achieve .
One key to success depends on the magnitude of its self-motivation . Develop and motivate ourselves to do the process of achieving your dreams from now on . greetings successful