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Cognitive Psychology: Thinking Stages "Creative"

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 13 Desember 2013 0 komentar

Creative turned out to have a structured process stages. Creative also has an important role in our daily lives. Creative or commonly referred to as creativity as one important component in education. Creativity has the sense of a cognitive activity that results in a new view on a form issue and not limited to the results of the pragmatic (always regarded by its usefulness). Based on these definitions, the process of creativity is not only limited to just produce something useful, though some people find some creative invention.

Based on the history of cognitive psychology, Wallas (in Solso, 2008) explains that there are four stages in the creative process, namely:

1. Preparation, Formulating a problem and make the initial effort to solve it.

2. Incubation period in which no attempt was made to solve the problem directly and momentarily diverted attention to other things.

3. Illumination, gain insight (deep understanding) of the problem.

4. Verification, testing the understanding that has been gained and create solutions.

Model 4 stages of the creative process Wallas has provided a conceptual framework for analyzing creativity.

The first phase, which started in this case is to formulate a problem and try to solve it. An example is when we are faced with a problem to cross the river rather wide with a fairly heavy flow, we have some solution to cross it. We have time to cross it with a try out of what we Think for a way out.

The second stage, this stage incubation why creative ideas do not arise in a period where we juatru not think of the problem? generally pragmatic answer to this question is that most of the time that we Milki in our lives, we spend with things that are less demanding us to think creatively like the streets, watching tv, sunbathing.

Posner (1973) provide several hypotheses regarding the incubation stage. one stage of incubation. One of the statements regarding the incubation stage that this stage can free us from the mind-mind tiring due to the problem-solving process. Forgetting the issue of weight in a while can help us find new ideas that are better suited to solve the problem. can we know the so-called "functional fixedness" (functional determination) can inhibit the process of problem solving. Phase inubasi also help us in the creative process, because this stage we dpat actually solve the problem without us knowing. This was expressed by William James, that "we learn to swim in the winter and ice-skate in the summer". So, stop the process of solving the problem for a while can help us to recast our thoughts on the issues we face.

The third phase of the illumination or enlightenment stage, this stage does not trigger illumination. At the time of illumination occurs, the path of light to the problems began to open. Someone will feel the sensation of great joy, because it increases understanding, all ideas emerge, and these ideas complement each other to solve a problem, every breakthrough creative ideas emerge at this stage, the invention of the telephone, the flow of a story and more Another is an example of how to meet the illumination stage of a person's mind.

The final stage is the verification stage, after an idea / solution is obtained, then the idea or the solution to be tested. This stage is the stage to test a product of the creative process to prove its legitimacy. Verification stage is generally shorter than sebelunya stages, because this stage is only to test and review the results of the calculation of a person, or it could be to see whether the invention worked. But in many cases it takes time to do more research or reconsideration. (Solso, RL et al, (2008). Cognitive psychology. Jakarta: erlangga)

Definition of Self Concept

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The concept of self (self consept ) is an important part of any discussion of the human personality . The concept itself is a unique trait in humans , so it can be used to distinguish humans from other living beings . Personality psychologists have tried to explain the nature and function of self-concept , so there is some sense .The concept of a person is expressed through her attitude which is the actualization of the person. Humans as organisms that have the drive to develop which eventually led to his being aware of it . The developments that took place later helped establish the concept of the individual concerned .Individual feeling that he does not have the ability that he has. Though all the success depends on how many people view quality capabilities. The views and negative attitudes towards the quality of the capabilities of the resulting individuals view the entire task as a difficult thing to resolve.Conversely a positive view of the quality of a person's capabilities result in individuals view the entire task as an easy thing to solve. The concept of self is formed and may change due to interaction with the environment .Some experts formulate the definition of the concept of self , according to Burns (1993 : vi ) self-concept is a mixture overview of what we think others argue , about ourselves, and what we want ourselves . Self-concept is an individual's sense of who the individual , and it can be obtained through the information provided through the information given by others on the individual ( Mulyana , 2000:7 ) .The opinion can be interpreted that the self-concept of the individual can be known through the information , opinions , judgments or evaliasi from others about him . Individuals would know she was beautiful , smart , or friendly if there is information from others about him .Instead of individuals do not know how he confronted another person without any information or input from the environment and other people . In everyday life people have indirectly assess himself. Self-assessment that includes the character himself , other people can appreciate him or not , he was among those who look attractive , beautiful or not .As noted Hurlock ( 1990:58 ) provide an understanding of the concept of self as a picture people have about him . This self-concept is a combination of beliefs held about their own individual characteristics which includes physical , psychological , social , emotional , aspirations and achievements .According to William D. Brooks that the notion of self-concept are the views and feelings about ourselves ( Mercy , 2005:105 ) . While centi ( 1993:9 ) put forward the concept of self (self - concept) is none other than the idea of self , self-concept consists of how we see ourselves as a person , how we feel about ourselves , and how we want ourselves being human as we expected .Self-concept is generally defined as beliefs , views or assessment of a person , the feelings and thoughts of the individual against himself which includes the ability , character , and attitude of the individual .The concept itself is a determinant of individual attitudes in behavior , meaning that if individuals tend to think will work , then this is a strength or encouragement that will make individuals towards success . Conversely, if the individual thinks will fail , then it is tantamount to a failure to prepare himself .From the opinions of the experts on the above it can be concluded that the definition of the concept of self is the overall perspective of himself , which covers the capabilities , feelings experienced , her physical condition and its immediate environment .

(solso, 2008)

EXPRESSION AND EMOTION

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Is that the expression ? Wullur ( 1970:16 ) describes the expression as " a person's inner statement by way of saying , singing , moving , with a note that the expression will always grow as encouragement embody the feelings or thoughts "Furthermore , the expression of a person's creativity can develop properties and if the child is able to move before they can creatively learn seriously .Expression by Wullur also be cleaning up , clearing ( catharsis ) . Therefore , the expression can prevent incidents that were not given the opportunity to embody feelings and confront her feelings . Without expression , the latent material may be harmful . And sometimes can be a " small explosion " , such as cursing or behavior may also occur " big bang " , ie run amok , and even kill . " The eruption : the greater is the eruption of the revolution of a people who for years or centuries oppressed .In relation to emotions , we can divide the emotional expression (emotional expression) in three kinds . ( Dirgagunarsa , 1996:138 ) , namely :1 . Startle Response or shocked reaction . This reaction is something that exists in every person and obtained from birth (inborn ) , so do not be influenced by the experience of each individual . Therefore , the same shocked reaction in every person , ie close their eyes , wide mouth , and head and neck move forward .2 . Facial expressions and voice ( facial and vocal ekspression ) . The state of one's emotions can be expressed through the face and voice , we can distinguish those who are angry , excited , and so on . The artists , such as painters and actors really need to study facial expressions and sounds from a variety of emotions , to produce work that is really good .3 . Attitudes and gestures ( posture and gesture ) . Attitudes and gestures are also an expression of emotional state . It is heavily influenced by the culture of the state where the person lives and education obtained from the parents . Thus , the expression of emotion in posture and gestures can be completely different on each person . Emotion of anger , for example , and the one that can be expressed with a clench , on others , can be expressed by hitting the table , on the other longer form of hair tugging . In children , there was an angry reaction temper - tantrums called , namely the movement of rolling on the floor .Facial expressions that accompany emotions clearly serves to communicate the emotion. According to Atkinson , since the publication of Charles Darwin's classic book in 1872 . The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals , psychologists consider the communication of emotions has important functions , which have survival value for the species . Thus , a face that looked fear in the other person may warn of the dangers , and the face that shows that someone is angry tells us that it may be acting aggressively . Recent research , according to Atkinson , is broader than the tradition of Darwin , states that in addition to its communicative function , role emotional expressions on the subjective experience of emotion , just as stimulation and assessment .For Atkinson , certain facial expressions seem to have a universal meaning , regardless of the culture where the individual in question was brought up . Universal expression of anger , for example , is a flushed face , forehead wrinkles, enlarged nostrils , jaws shut , and the teeth are clearly visible. When one of the five different country ( the United States , Brazil , Chile , Argentina , and Japan ) are shown photographs showing facial expressions of joy, anger , sadness , disgust , fear, surprise, they did not find it difficult to identify the emotion shown by each expression . In fact , remote inland communities that do not have contact with Western culture ( and the Fore tribe in New Guinea Dani ) were able to correctly identify facial expressions . Similarly , American students are shown a video recording of the emotions expressed by the Fore tribe were able to accurately identify the emotions , although sometimes they are confused to distinguish between fear and surprise.Universality of certain emotional expressions support Darwin's statement that it is an innate response to evolutionary history . According to Darwin , as quoted by Atkinson , a lot of emotion are innate mengeksprsesikan way that initially have benefits for survival . For example, expression of disgust or rejection is based on the efforts of the organism to protect itself from something unpleasant that has been ingested .Sebetulnyam in addition to the basic expressions of emotion that seems universal , there is also a form of expression that konveksional , a kind of emotional language that is recognized by others in a culture or cultures .

(solso, 2008)

Narture VS Nurture

Posted by Unknown Selasa, 26 November 2013 0 komentar

Anyone know about Chomsky and Skinner 's theory of language ?

They both have different viewpoints about the language .

If Chomsky assumes that language is innate ( nature) , then Skinner argued that language is acquired through learning ( nurture ) .

Chomsky expressed the opinion that the only aspect of language development is obtained through reinforcement morphological aspects . What is a morphological aspect ? , Morphology ( morphology ) is the study of the structure of words . So Chomsky emphasized that language is acquired through the strengthening of its word structure .

For example , when children are learning to say a thing . The child will get reinforcement in the form of consent from their parents . Certain words is obtained through reinforcement , but when words are combined to form sentences , the sentences are controlled by rules that are universal .

Chomsky also states that reinforcement alone is not enough to explain how a child is able to produce a sentence while the boy had never heard that phrase before. According to Chomsky there is an innate tendency towards language based on the deep structure as a plausible explanation .

Chomsky's theory does not state that a specific system of grammar is hardwired , he stated that we have an innate schema that serves as a means of processing information and the formation of abstract structures in our language .

WHY WE ARE DIFFERENT LANGUAGE ?

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Well , today I want to talk about language . Why is our language of the earth is not the same ? , When we are all equally human .

Days of yore , when our ancestors did not have the language . They use pictures to communicate . Over time , our ancestors tried to communicate using sound to convey something . Because it is still very difficult , the language of communication was created . No communication language through mutual agreement between the humans . If an object is called a chair , then everyone should agree that it is a chair . The deal is done in order to facilitate communication delivered by him was received by the same perpetrator and not to misunderstand .

Then why are we different languages ?

There are Indonesian , English, Chinese , Japanese, Arabic , etc. . Why are there so many languages ?

Although the language is formed through an agreement between the humans as well . However , keep in mind , in ancient times , our capacity is limited . Remember that this earth third is its oceans . Well , since we are all separated by oceans then we struggled to make a deal with the mainland across from the far . So people who are in other lands was also made an agreement language itself . No ancient social media as it is now . So the world really feels spacious . Not like now that anything could be reached so that makes us feel that the world is narrow .

Well , now you know why in our language is different . Increase the knowledge of languages around the world it will make us a lot of knowledge . May be useful 

Functionalist flow ( Functional Psycology )

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Psychology flow is a reaction to structuralism about mental states . If the structuralist asks " What 's consciousness " , the functionalist asked " to what 's consciousness " . What is the purpose and function ? Because you want to learn how people use mental experience to adjust to the surrounding environment , they are called functionalist .

Functionalism is a tendency in psychology which states that the mind , mental processes , sensory perception and emotions are adaptive biological organisms . Drever ( 1988 ) refer to as a kind of psychological functionalism which underlines the functions and not just the facts of mental phenomena , or trying to interpret the mental phenomena in terms of the role it plays in the life of the organism , and not describe or analyze the facts of experience or behavior or a psychological approach the subject matter from the point of view of a dynamic rather than a static viewpoint .

Whatever the formulation of functionalism , the flow is essentially a psychological doctrine that such a process or state of conscious free will , thought , emotionless , perceiving and mengindrai are activities or operations of a physical interrelationships of organisms in a physical environment and can not given the existence of important . These activities facilitate the control of the organism , survival , adaptation , engagement or withdrawal , recognition , direction , and others . The whole organism can be analyzed as a system of feedback and stimulus response .

Functionalism is a growing understanding in the United States with the properties of Americans are very practical and pragmatic . Structuralism , on the other hand , grew up in Germany , in the midst of a nation known for its expertise in philosophizing and theorizing . By itself , this raises different backgrounds are also various differences in views between the two streams .

The first difference , lies in his approach , structuralism approach a psychic phenomenon in structural : that is to say , consciousness experiences analyzed in its elements . The question that arises in the face of a behavior is " What are the elements and how these elements combine ? " Functionalism , on the other hand , approaching a functional psychological symptoms . Experience of consciousness seen in relation to the function of life and function to adjust , both psychologically and socially . The question that arises in the face of behavior is " Why and for what it's done for a person 's behavior ? "

The second difference , is structuralism attention to the content of one's soul while functionalism is more focused action from someone .

The third difference , if structuralism assumes that one's soul is an amalgamation of various experiences of consciousness , functionalism assumes that a person's soul is needed for adjustment .

That interest functionalism flow is the goal or end of an activity . As the name implies , functionalism learn " function " of the behavior and mental processes , not only to study its structure . The flow figures are William Jamews , R.Angell , and John Dewey .

Cognition IN DAILY LIFE

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 18 Oktober 2013 0 komentar

Currently (and at all times), as air traffic officials, you engage in cognitive activities that are not counted. You see the external input in the form of these pages and also the environment around you. These inputs affect your selective attention to the text you read and will ultimately affect the accuracy of your understanding of the information. Assuming that you are able to concentrate and perceive the content of this text, you are forming an internal representation of the information that you read, and representations are stored in your memory and you can be involved in decision-making. And lastly you can take action. You are currently menegalami great cognitive processes.

(Solso, Robert L, Dkk. 2007. Psikologi Kognitif Edisi 8)

HIGH SPEED romp

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We may never watched the show on television which broadcast a police pursuit against the perpetrators of the law . We see cars driving in high speed on a city street that endanger pedestrians and other road users . High-speed pursuit that would require high proficiency of the polsi . Had the Cognitive Psychologists may disclose the information to be aware of the police while driving his car at high speed , as well as police reveal how to process that information , they can develop methods for better training for the safety of other road users . Crundall , Chapman , Phelps , and Underwood (2003 ) conducted a similar study using police chase footage ( which occurred in the afternoon and evening ) and using eye movement tracking device to measure the eye fixation watch the show when the police chase . Eye fixation assumed as visual processing . In other words , the visual information that is being considered is the visual information that is being processed . The researchers wanted to know whether the police focused only on the vehicle they are pursuing , or they also observe the conditions around and collect information relating to the safety of road users . Compared with ordinary people , the majority of police has a radius of attention ( for conditions outside pursuits ) greater in the hunt during the day , which indicates that the police are spending more time to observe the conditions around him than the ordinary driver . That is, the police are more aware of the conditions around them and better prepared to respond to dangers that can arise at any time . However, Crundall and his colleagues found little difference between the police and lay in pengejaraan night. This dpat is problematic because the potential dangers tend to be less visible at night . This information can be very valuable in pengembangaan procedures evening pursuit of education and training for police , who can maintain the safety of many people.

(Solso, Robert L, Dkk. 2007. Psikologi Kognitif Edisi 8)

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Cognitive Psychology: Thinking Stages "Creative"

Definition of Self Concept

EXPRESSION AND EMOTION

Narture VS Nurture

WHY WE ARE DIFFERENT LANGUAGE ?

Functionalist flow ( Functional Psycology )

Cognition IN DAILY LIFE

HIGH SPEED romp

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